(973–1048)
Abu Rayhan al-Biruni was a Persian polymath and scholar of the Islamic Golden Age, born in Kath, Khwarezm (present-day Uzbekistan). Educated early under the astronomer Abu Nasr Mansur, he made major contributions to astronomy, mathematics, geography, and geodesy, and later travelled to India with Mahmud of Ghazni, studying its languages, religion, and philosophy. He authored over 100 works, including the astronomical encyclopedia Kitab al-Qanun al-Mas'udi and his influential study of India, Tarikh al-Hind, and is often called the "father of geodesy" and founder of Indology. He died in Ghazni in 1048, remembered as one of the greatest scientific minds of the medieval Islamic world.
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